Alces 40:123–131īateson P, Bradshaw EL (1997) Physiological effects of hunting red deer ( Cervus elaphus). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washingtonīaskin L, Ball JP, Danell K (2004) Moose escape behaviour in areas of high hunting pressure. In: Franzmann AW, Schwartz CC (eds) Ecology and management of the North American moose. J Wildl Manag 73:876–884īallard WB, van Ballenberghe V (2007) Predator-prey relationships. We recommend future studies to address individual variation and behavioural plasticity in anti-predator behaviour.Ītwood TC, Gese EM, Kunkel KE (2009) Spatial partitioning of predation risk in a multiple predator‐multiple prey system. in an unpredictable way, may increase the chance to undergo persecution by increasing the chance that chaser switches the target animal, especially in areas of high moose density. Secondly, we assume that escaping in a tortuous manner, i.e. We build on two major lines of arguments first, being less defensive, but fleeing when approached by a baying dog which mimics wolf encounters, is likely to increase moose survival compared with the risk to be shot when being defensive and fronting, held at bay. We argue that heavily harvested Scandinavian moose may be more adapted to human and bear predation in contrast to the suggested behavioural maladaption towards wolf predation. Instead of fronting as expected from other study systems, most individuals fled when confronted. A mixed strategy among individuals may be beneficial when a new predator eventually enters the system. Our study supports the existence of several anti-predator strategies within a species even when predators are absent. Moose were more active, had larger 24-h activity ranges and left the area after the disturbance. In a controlled field experiment in Northern Sweden devoid of wolves, we exposed adult female moose ( Alces alces) to hunting activity using a dog ( Canis lupus familiaris) to study individual moose anti-predator behaviour. For many species, hunting is the dominating mortality cause in areas where predators are functionally extinct. Additionally, moose dispersal out of the refuge areas could produce subsequent increases in the wolf population.Understanding the impact of human activity on prey anti-predator behaviour is becoming increasingly important.
Human induced prey refugia could increase moose population growth and increase human-moose conflict. Moose exposure to wolves increased with distance to mines indicating that use of areas in proximity to human disturbance releases moose from predation by wolves. Wolves avoided areas within 10 and 5 km of facilities but exhibited an equivocal response within 2.5 km. Moose selection for areas near facilities was higher than wolves. The model fitting habitat and distance to facilities was top-ranked for both species. We compared a habitat model including forest cover type, streams and rivers to a disturbance model using AIC. Moose models included an interaction between distance to mining features buffers and the distribution of wolves to assess whether moose exposure to wolves varies with proximity to human activity. We binned distance to mining features variables into distance buffers covering the range of moose home range diameters resulting in buffers of < 2.5 km, 2.5-5 km and 5-10 km. We split mining features into high human-use facilities and low human-use pit mines and tailings ponds. Using moose and wolves GPS telemetry, we compared the use of natural habitats and distance to mining features to the availability of these variables. We examined the extent to which moose could be released from predation near Alberta’s Athabasca oil sands due to wolf avoidance of mining infrastructure. Alberta’s Athabasca oil sands region (AOSR) is home to moose ( Alces alces) and wolf ( Canis lupus) populations and is characterized by extensive human disturbance including open pit mines, tailings ponds and industrial facilities. Areas near human disturbance may become prey refugia when predators avoid human activities more than their prey leading to decreased predation rates and/or increased prey population growth.
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